ACADEMIC ( ပညာရွင္ )

တစ္ခါက သခ်ာၤပညာရွင္ၾကီး “ ယူကလစ္ ” ကုိ သူ႔တပည့္တစ္ေယာက္က အခုလိုေမးပါသတဲ့။ “ ဆရာၾကီးခင္ဗ်ာ၊ ဆရာၾကီးသင္ ေပးတဲ့ ဂဲၾသေမၾတီပညာဟာ လက္ေတြ႔မွာ ဘာအသံုးက်မွာလဲ ခင္ဗ်ား ” ။ “ ယူကလစ္ ” က ဒီတပည့္ကို ဘာမွျပန္မေျပာပါဘူး။ အေစခံတစ္ေယာက္ကုိ ေခၚၿပီး အခုလို အမိန္႔ေပးလုိက္ပါတယ္။

“ ဒီသူငယ္ကုိ အသျပာနည္းနည္း မ,စလုိက္ပါကြယ္။ ” “ ယူကလစ္ ” လုိလူမ်ိဳးကို ပညာရွင္ ( Academic ) လုိ႔ေခၚပါသည္။ သူ႔တပည့္လို လူမ်ိဳးဟာ “ ပညာရွင္ ” မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ လြန္ေရာကၽြံေရာ “ ပညာသည္ ” ( Technician ) လို႔သာ သတ္မွတ္ ႏိုင္ပါလိမ့္မယ္။

“ ပညာရွင္ ”ရဲ႕ စိတ္ဓာတ္ဟာ “ အက်ိဳးစီးပြား ” နဲ႔ မယွဥ္ပါဘူး။ ပညာကိုသာ တရိႈက္မက္မက္ ရွာေဖြေနလိုသူျဖစ္တယ္။ သူ႔ရဲ႕ ကုိယ္စိတ္ႏွလံုးသံုးပါးကို အဆက္မျပတ္ လႈံ႕ေဆာ္ေနတာဟာ ေငြေၾကးမဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ ဂုဏ္ပကာသနလဲ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ လုပ္ပုိင္ခြင့္ အာဏာလဲ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ သူ႔အေသြးအသားထဲမွာ ကိန္း၀ပ္ေနတဲ့ “ ကုိယ္ပိုင္အဟုန္ ” သာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီအဟုန္က သူ႔ကုိေမာင္းေန တယ္။ သူ႔ဘ၀ရဲ႕တစ္ခုတည္းေသာ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ဟာ ပညာရွာဖုိ႔ပဲ။ ပညာဟာသူ႔အတြက္ အလုပ္ျဖစ္သလို သူ႔ရဲ႕ ေပ်ာ္ရႊင္မႈလဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

ဖန္ခြက္တစ္ခြက္ထဲမွာ “ သိျခင္း ” ဆိုတဲ့ အရည္တစ္ခုခုနဲ႕ တ၀က္ထိေရာက္ေအာင္ ျဖည့္လိုက္ပါ။ က်န္တ၀က္မွာ မသိျခင္းဆုိတဲ့ ေလဟာနယ္ရွိပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ဒီဖန္ခြက္ကို ပညာရွင္တစ္ေယာက္လက္ထဲထည့္လိုက္ရင္ ဘာေတြျဖစ္လာမလဲ။ ပညာရွင္ရဲ႕အာရံုဟာ သိၿပီးသားေတြထဲမွာ ေက်ာက္ခ်ေနမွာမဟုတ္တာ ေသခ်ာပါတယ္။ သူ႔အတြက္ မသိေသးတဲ့အပိုင္းဟာ သိၿပီးသားထက္ ပိုအေရး ၾကီးေနပါလိမ့္မယ္။ “ မသိျခင္း ”ဆုိတဲ့ နယ္ေျမသစ္ထဲမွာ ေတာနင္းရွာေဖြဖုိ႔ပဲ သူအားသန္တယ္။ တျခားဘာကိုမွ စိတ္၀င္စားလိမ့္ မယ္မဟုတ္ဘူး။

“ ပညာရွင္ ” ကုိဆင္စြယ္နန္းနဲ႔တြဲၿပီး ေျပာၾကတာေတြ ရွိပါတယ္။ လူ႔ဘ၀ရဲ႕ သာေရး နာေရးေတြကုိ ဘာမွမထိ၊ မသိဘဲလူေတြနဲ႔ ကင္းကြာေနသူေပါ့။ ဆင္စြယ္နန္းေပၚက ရလာႏိုင္စရာရွိတဲ့ ပညာရဲ႕တန္ဖိုးကုိ မွန္းဆသူေတါကေတာ့ ဒီလုိျမင္ၾကမယ္ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ ပညာရွင္ေပ်ာ္ပိုက္ႏိုင္မယ့္ အေျခအေနမ်ိဳးကုိ ( ဆင္စြယ္နန္းပဲ ျဖစ္ေစေတာ့ ) တမင္ဖန္တီး ေပးတက္ၾကပါတယ္။

“ ပညာသည္ ပညာအတြက္ ” ( Knowledge for the sake of Knowledge ) ဆိုတာပညာရွင္ရဲ႕ မေၾကညာတဲ့ မူ ၀ါဒလုိ႔ ဆုိႏုိင္ပါလိမ့္မယ္။ “ ဘာအတြက္ ”၊“ ညာအတြက္ ” ဆိုၿပီး လက္ရံုးဆန္႔တန္းေလ့ ရွိသူမ်ားအတြက္ကေတာ့ ဒီသေဘာ ကို ဘ၀င္က်လွမယ္ မထင္ဘူး။ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ေတြ၊ ေၾကြးေၾကာ္သံေတြထက္ လက္ေတြ႔အက်ိဳးစီးပြားကုိ ၾကိဳျမင္ႏုိင္စြမ္းသူမ်ားက ေတာ့ နားလည္ေပးႏိုင္ၾကပါလိမ့္မယ္။

စင္စစ္မွာေတာ့ “ ပညာသည္ ပညာအတြက္ ”ဆိုတာ ေခါမဒႆနဆရာေတြရဲ႕ လုပ္ထံုးလုပ္နည္းပါ။ အထူးသျဖင့္ သခ်ာၤပညာရွင္ ေတြ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သိၿပီး ပညာတစ္ခုကို အေျခခံၿပီး မသိေသးတဲ့ပညာကုိဆက္ရွာ။ သိၿပီဆုိတာနဲ႔ ဒါကိုအေျခခံၿပီး ေနာက္မသိေသး တာကို ဆက္ရွာ။ သိၿပီဆုိတာန႔ဲ ဒါကို အေျခခံၿပီး မသိေသးတဲ့ ပညာကုိဆက္ရွာ။ ဒီလုိနဲ႔ ပညာခရီးသည္ဟာ “ အၾကြင္းမဲ့သိျခင္း ” ( Absolute True ) ဆီကုိဦးတည္ၿပီး မေမာမပန္း ခရိးဆက္ေနပါလိမ့္မယ္။ ေလာကီမွာ “ အၾကြင္းမဲ့ ” ဆိုတဲ့ျပည့္စံုမႈ မ်ိဳးမရႏိုင္ေလေတာ့ ပညာခရီးဟာလဲ ဘယ္ေတာ့မွ မဆံုးႏုိင္ေတာ့ဘူးေပါ့။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ပညာရွင္ေတြဟာ အ၀ိဇၨာက ၀ိဇၨာဆီကုိ မနား တမ္း ခရီးဆက္ေနတဲ့ “ စဥ္ဆက္မျပတ္ ေလ့လာေနၾကသူမ်ား ” ( Continual Learners) ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

Source : အေတာင္ပါေသာ စကားလံုးမ်ား ( ေက်ာ္၀င္း )

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ေမွ်ာ္လင့္သူ

AD HOC ( တခၤႏုပၸတၱိ )

ဒတ္(ခ်) ပံုျပင္ေလးတစ္ခုရွိတယ္။ ကေလးတစ္ေယာက္ဟာ ေရကန္ၾကီးတစ္ခုေဘး လမ္းေလွ်ာက္ရင္းက အေပါက္တစ္ေပါက္ကို ေတြ႔လိုက္ တယ္တဲ့ ။ အေပါက္ကလဲ တျဖည္းျဖည္းၾကီးလာေနေတာ့ ဒီအတုိင္းဆုိရင္ ေရကာတာၾကီးျပိဳေတာ့မယ္။ ေဘးဘီကုိ ေ၀့ၾကည့္လုိက္ေတာ့ ဘာမွမရွိ ၊ ဘယ္သူမွမရွိ ။ ရြာျပန္ၿပီး လူစုဖို႔ဆိုတာကလဲ အခ်ိန္ရမွာမဟုတ္ ။ သူဘာလုပ္မလဲ ေနာက္ဆံုး သူအၾကံရတာနဲ႔ အေပါက္ထဲကုိ သူ႔ လက္ကုိထိုးၿပီး ပိတ္ထားလိုက္တယ္။

အလားတူ ဂ်ပန္ရိုးရာပံုျပင္တစ္ခုလဲ ရွိေသးတယ္။ ပင္လယ္ကမ္းစပ္က ရြာေလးတစ္ရြာ။ ရြာေဘးမွာေတာင္ကုန္းေတြရွိၿပီး အဲဒီ့ေတာင္ကုန္ ေတြေပၚမွာ စပါးခင္းေတြရွိတယ္။ တစ္ညေတာ့ စပါးခင္းေစာင့္ သူငယ္ေလးဟာ ပင္လယ္ထဲက ဒီေရလိႈင္းၾကီးတက္လာတာ ျမင္လုိက္ရ တယ္တဲ့ ။ ရြာဘက္ၾကည့္ေတာ့လဲ အားလံုးက အိပ္ေမာက်လို႔ ။ ဒီအတိုင္းဆို တစ္ရြာလံုး ဒီေရေအာက္ကုိေရာက္ေတာ့မယ္ ။ သူဘာလုပ္မလဲ ။ ခ်က္ခ်င္းပဲ စပါးခင္းကုိ မီးတင္ရိႈ႕လုိက္ပါတယ္။

ဒီလိုပံုျပင္ေတြ အမ်ားၾကီးပါ။ ဟာသဆန္ဆန္ပံုျပင္ေတြလဲ ျဖစ္ေနတက္ပါတယ္။ တစ္ခါက ခင္ၾကီးတစ္ပါးဟာ သူ႔ေက်ာင္းမုခ္ဦးမွာ မီးေလာင္ေန တာကုိေတြ႔လုိ႔ က်င္ငယ္စြန္႔ၿပီး ျငိမ္းလိုက္ရတယ္ဆိုတာမ်ိဳးလဲ ရွိရဲ႕ ။ ဒီပံုျပင္ေတြထဲက ေျဖရွင္းနည္းအားလံုးကုိ “ တခၤႏုပၸတၱိ ေျဖရွင္းနည္း ” ( Ad hoc Solution ) လုိ႔ေခၚပါတယ္။

တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ ျဖစ္လာႏုိင္စရာရွိတာကုိ ၾကိဳတင္တြက္ဆၿပီး ဘယ္လုိလုပ္မယ္ဆိုတာကုိ ၾကိဳတင္စီစဥ္ထားတာမ်ိဳးလဲ ရွိပါတယ္။ “ အေရးေပၚ အစီအစဥ္ ” ( Emergency Plan ) ေပါ့။ ဘာျဖစ္ရင္ ဘာလုပ္မယ္၊ ၿပီးေတာ့ ဘာဆက္လုပ္မယ္ဆုိတဲ့ “ ပံုေသေျဖရွင္းနည္း ” (Routine Solution ) ေတြလဲရွိပါတယ္။ တကယ့္လက္ေတြ႔မွာေတာ့ ဒါေတြဟာ တကယ္ျဖစ္ခ်င္မွ ျဖစ္တက္တာပါ ။ ျဖစ္ခဲ့ရင္လဲ မူလထင္ထားတာ နဲ႔မတူတာေတြက မ်ားပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္လဲ “ မေသခ်ာတဲ့ စီမံကိန္း ” ( Contingency Plans ) ေတြျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

“ တခၤႏုပၸတၱိ ” သေဘာက ဒါမ်ိဳးမဟုတ္ဘူး ။ ထင္မထားတဲ့ အေျခအေနတစ္ခုနဲ႔ ရုတ္တရက္ ရင္ဆုိင္လုိက္ရခ်ိန္မွာ ဖ်က္ခနဲ၀င္လာတဲ့ အေတြးနဲ႔ ၊ ဒိုင္ခနဲ ထလုပ္ရတာမ်ိဳးကို ဆုိလုိပါတယ္။ ဘာမွ ၾကိဳတင္စီစဥ္ထားတာမ်ိဳး မရွိသလုိ ။ ဘာၾကိဳတင္ေမွ်ာ္လင့္ခ်က္မွလဲ မရွိပါ ဘူး။ လတ္တေလာ အေျခအေနကို အျမန္ေျဖရွင္းႏုိင္ဖုိ႔သာ ၊ ရည္ရြယ္ရင္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တစ္ခါတစ္ေလမွာ တခၤႏုပၸတၱိ ေျဖရွင္းနည္းေတြ ဟာ၊ တီထြင္ဖန္တီးမႈေတြရဲ႕ လမ္းစေတြလဲ ျဖစ္ေနတက္ပါတယ္။

ပင္တဂြန္ စစ္ဌာနခ်ဳပ္ဆုိရင္ ျဖစ္လာႏုိင္တဲ့ တုိက္ခိုက္မႈေတြကို ၾကိဳစဥ္းစားၿပီး တံု႔ျပန္တုိက္ခုိက္ရမယ့္ စစ္ဗ်ဴဟာေတြ အမ်ားၾကိးရွိတယ္ လို႔သိရပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ 2001 စက္တင္ဘာ 11 မွာ တကယ္ျဖစ္လာေတာ့ ၾကိဳတင္မွန္းဆထားတာေတြနဲ႔ ဘာမွမဆုိင္သလို ျဖစ္လာ တယ္။ အက်ိဳးဆက္က အေတာ္ဆုိးပါတယ္။ အားလံုးသိၾကတဲ့ အတုိင္း WTC ေမွ်ာ္စင္ညီေနာင္ ျပိဳက်ရံုမက ပင္တဂြန္ ကုိယ္တုိင္ေတာင္ ခါးက်ိဳးသြားခဲ့ရတယ္။

ဒါေပမယ့္ Flight 93 ေပၚက ခရီးသည္တစ္စုကေတာ့ တခၤႏုပၸတၱိဥာဏ္နဲ႔ အၾကမ္းဖက္သမားေတြကို တံု႔ျပန္တိုက္ခိုက္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သူတုိ႔ရဲ႕ ေကာင္းမႈေၾကာင့္ အိမ္ျဖဴေတာ္ သက္သာသြားတာပါ ။ ဒီအျဖစ္အပ်က္ၾကီးရဲ႕ ေနာက္ပုိင္းမွာ တခၤႏုပၸတၱိေျဖရွင္းနည္းရဲ႕ အေရးပါမႈကို စစ္ပါရဂူၾကီးေတြကအစ အသိအမွတ္ျပဳလာရပါတယ္၊ ေရတိုေရရွည္စီမံကိန္းေတြထက္ေတာင္ သူကပုိအေရးပါသလို ျဖစ္လာပါတယ္။

ဧကန္မဲ႔မႈ အေျခအေနၾကီးေအာက္မွာ သြက္သြက္လက္လက္၊ ထက္ထက္ျမက္ျမက္ တံု႔ျပန္ႏုိင္ဖုိ႔က အခရာျဖစ္လာဟန္ရွိပါတယ္။ ဒီအ တြက္ တခၤႏုပၸတၱိဥာဏ္ ရႊင္ဖို႔လုိသလုိ ၊ လုပ္ရဲကိုင္ရဲ ဆံုးျဖတ္ရဲ၊ တာ၀န္ယူရဲတဲ့ စိတ္ဓာတ္ရွိဖို႔လဲ လုိပါလိမ့္မယ္။

Source : ေက်ာ္၀င္း ( အေတာင္ပါေသာ စကားလံုးမ်ား )

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ေမွ်ာ္လင့္သူ..

Learn to Writting Well ( Part - III )

III. How To Write Memorable Conclusions

When people are given a list of things to memorize, researchers fond that they best remember items at the beginning and end of the list. It is the same way when people read. If you have a strong conclusion, people are more likely to remember your main message. Here are some suggestions on how write memorable conclusions.

1. Use a broad statement to summarize your main idea
If your are writing about the environment, for example, you could end with a broad statement like, " It's up to protect the environment because, after all, we have the only world " .

2. End with a quotation
If you are writing about dealing with stress, you could conclude this way: " Remember the old saying, " all work and no play makes Dr.Judson a dull boy ". As this example shows, you can adapt the quotation to fit the situation.

3. Express your hopes for the future
" My hope is that in ten years, we will no longer have to see newspaper stories about young children who cannot afford to get an education " would be a good way to end a paper on providing financial aid to poor families.

4. Use a question
As with introductions, questions are good way to burn an idea into your readers' brains. " If we can go to the moon, why can't we go to Mars, too?" , will focus readers' attention on the reason you wrote about in the body of your paper.

5. Call for action!
This is one of the most common ways to conclude. Don't be shy about asking for some kind of response . " If you agree with me, then go out and volunteer " or " take some time to analyze your diet to see how many calories you could easily do without", are two examples. Asking people to volunteer to help others or do something to help themselves is a powerful way to get them to think deeply about your suggestions.

So, do you think you could apply any of the ideas above? Bookmark this suggestions now, so the next time you have to write something, you can refer there and try one of these ideas !

Source : Defence Services Academy, Annual Magazine 2009 " Capt.Min Min Soe "

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ေမွ်ာ္လင့္သူ.

Learn to Writting Well ( Part - II )

II. Write Perfect Paragraphs with the PREP Method

P: Start with the main POINT of your paragraph
The first sentence is usually called a " topic sentence ". Simply stat whatever the topic is. Try to start with an interesting sentences. Instead of saying " Dr.Judson is a teacher ", say " Dr.Judson is one of the best English teachers in the history of the world! ".

R: Give the REASON why you believe this
Next, write why you think so. You might write, " Students need a kind teacher to guide them, so they always move in the right direction and don't waste time." You might also try to link this sentence to the next one, to help make a smoother " transition ".

E: Give an EXAMPLE to support your belief
Find an example, or may be two. This will " paint a word picture " in your readers' minds, which they will remember long after they have finished reading. The sentence " I never Listened to English much before I heard of Dr.Judson, but now I listen to his jokes, sayings and dictations. Listening has helped me improve my speaking ability in English, and now I'm moving up to a better job. " Sounds great, doesn't it ?

P: Repeat your POINT one more time
Your readers will often remember the last thing you write more than anything else. If you can, try to use different words to say the same thing. " Dr. Judson has helped tens of thousands of students learn to listen to English. He deserves the title of " Super Teacher " more than anyone I have ever met. "

Finally, put it all together
Dr.judson is one of the best English teachers I have ever met. I think all students need a kind teacher to guide them, so they can always move in the right direction. I never listened to English much before I Heard of Dr.Judson, but now I listen to his jokes, sayings and dictations. Listening has helped me improve my speaking ability in English and now I'm moving up to a better job. Dr.judson has helped tens of thousands of students learn English. He deserves the title of " Super Teacher " more than anyone I have ever met.

စာဖတ္သူတို႔အား အစဥ္ေလးစားလွ်က္.
ေမွ်ာ္လင့္သူ

Learn to Writting Well ( Part - I )

အစ္ကုိတစ္ေယာက္က ကၽြန္ေတာ္စာေရးတာန႔ဲ ပတ္သတ္ၿပီး ေ၀ဖန္မႈတစ္ခု ျပဳဖူးပါတယ္ ။ ဘာလဲဆိုေတာ့ မင္းစာေတြကုိ ဖတ္ရတာ စာဖတ္ မႈအားနည္းတာကို ေတြ႔ရတယ္တဲ့ ။ စာပိုဒ္ရဲ႕ အစမွာ လူကုိဆြဲေဆာင္မႈမရွိသလို အေၾကာင္းရာကုိလဲ သိပ္ထိေရာက္ေအာာင္မေျပာႏိုင္ဘူးတဲ့။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ စာမ်ားမ်ား ဖတ္သင့္တယ္တဲ့ ။ ဟုတ္ပါတယ္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ စာေတြေရးေနတယ္ဆုိေပမယ့္ အဆီေလွ်ာ္တည့္တာ ျခားလြန္းတယ္။ ဒါ ကလဲ အစ္ကုိတစ္ေယာက္ေျပာတဲ့ စာဖတ္အားနည္းမႈေၾကာင့္ပါ ။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ အေထာက္ကူျဖစ္ေစဖုိ႔ စာအုပ္ပံုေလးလွန္ေလွာေတာ့ English ေဆာင္းပါးေလးတစ္ခုသြားေတြ႔တယ္ ။ ဖတ္ၾကည့္ေတာ့ အက္ေဆးေကာင္းတစ္ပုဒ္ေရးတက္ေအာင္ နည္းလမ္းေလးေတြနဲ႔ရွင္းျပထားတယ္။ အရမ္းသေဘာက်သြားတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ဖတ္ရတဲ့ အက္ေဆးေလးကို မူရင္းေလးအတုိင္းတင္ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္ ။ ( ဘာသာျပန္ လိုက္ရင္ ဆိုလိုရင္းမေရာက္မွာဆုိးလို႔ ... အဲေလာက္ေတာ္တာ :P )

I . Writing Powerful Introductions
When you write , what's the best way to begin? Many students start with a simple sentence , such as " I will write about my hometown " , or they use no special introduction at all. Here are six ways to write better introductions.

1. Write about a problem
Everybody has problem ! Most of our energy each day is spent trying to solve problems. By starting your writing with a problem , you automatically hook your readers into searching for a solution. Your readers will start to think about how they might solve the problem or wonder what solution you have in mind. But be careul not to take too much time on the problem itself. This is an introduction, not the body of your writing.

2. Write about a story of start with a joke
A very brief story or joke that illustrates your main idea can also hook the reader. Use clear details and vivid descriptions to appeal to your reader's senses and emotions. For example, if you want your readers to give up smoking, describe the painful effects of an elderly person who is unable to stop coughing, unable to breathe freely. If you are writing about an interesting place, describe what the readers would see, what they would hear, what they would taste, so that they can almost feel they are there. A joke, if it really fits the topic, can also make your readers more receptive to your ideas. Look at How to Tell Jokes for a simple way to remember jokes and stories.

3. Start with a question
This is one of the easiest ways to begin writing. However, be careful not to use questions that are too simple. If everyone already knows the answer, they will not be interested in what you write next. Remember, you have to make them think! " Do you like to eat ? " is not very interesting. However, " Have you ever spent more than $100 dollars on one meal? " will make your readers start dreaming !

4. Write a bold statement or use an interesting statistic
If you begin with something like, " In the United States, fifty percent of all marriages end in divorce! " , your readers will want to know your point of view on this topic. You can look up statistics on the Internet for just about any topic, so go to it !

5. Start with a quote from an important person
This kind of introduction has two advantages. As with the other ways, it gets your readers to think about what you will say next. In addition, the words of important people have the ability to persuade many people. " If Bill Gates said it, it's probably true ", many people will think.

6. Write about necessary background information
This is not a very interesting way to begin, but sometimes it's necessary to help your readers before you begin. Some topics will be too difficult for readers to follow without some help, so you may have to provide basic information first. If possible, try to write about this information using one of the five opening techniques above !

Introduction အပုိင္းကုိ အရင္ေဖာ္ျပလုိက္ပါတယ္။

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